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Three main mechanisms have been proposed: 1. The equinoctial hypothesis (Bartels, 1925). Key angle is angle between the solar wind flow direction and the Earth s dipole axis ; activity maximizes (for as yet unknown reasons) at the equinoxes when  is 90. One makes UT variation. 2. In the axial hypothesis (Cortie, 1912) key angle is the heliographic latitude of the Earth. In early March and September the Earth is at its maximal angular distance from the solar equator (more closely to sunspots and coronal holes). The axial effect has no UT variation (it is not interesting for us). 3. In the Russell-McPherron mechanism (Russell and McPherron, 1973), magnetic fields in the solar equatorial plane have a peak southward component at the Earth in GSM coordinates in early April or October, depending on their polarity. RM mechanism produces UT variation, but one is wrong (Russell and McPherron, 1973; Svalgaard, 1977).zPP+PP   '5 +)0e  B    OUR APPROACH: CLASSIFICATION OF CAUSES OF GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY Results of our studies of geometric effects in GA were published (T. Kuznetsova et al., 2002, 2006a, 2006b, 2009a, 2009b, 2010, 2011. Coauthors: A. Laptukhov, V. Kuznetsov, V. Petrov) Temporal variations in solar wind parameters. The source of these temporal variations is the Sun. Time variations of mutual orientation of the directions of the solar wind velocity and the IMF relative to geomagnetic dipole arising during orbital and daily motions of the Earth. Geometric effect leads to time changes of GA without variations of the values of the solar wind and IMF. Cause is change of geo-effectiveness of interaction of IMF and terrestrial magnetic field. @ZZ $$Ewbv>W3)@ @    7      $LCRITICS OF Bz COMPONENT (GSM COORDINATE SYSTEM) AS A GEOEFFECTIVE PARAMETERMM& ?PBm = (B,M)=BxMx+ByMy+BzMz=BM cosa (1) Bm is a component of the IMF B directed along the dipole magnetic moment vector M, a is an angle between the vectors of M and B; B is module of B. In GSM coordinate system My=0 (oscillations of vector M in YZ plane is absent); consequently ByMy=0 in (1) Influence of By component of the IMF is not taken into account in GSM; By in GSM is simply compliment to the right coordinate system geoefficiency of By component of the IMF is well-known and should be taken into account)P2$NH=Y      #    R     F     &RESULTS: INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS ON Kp''&$   %Kp index as function of component Em &&0 %DEPENDENCE p FROM PARAMETER Em (COMPONENT OF E VECTOR ALONG M VECTOR)GGN  ' NDependence @ from parameter Em (component of E vector along M vector) Symmetry of Kp relative sign of Em sign of Em is determined by By: increase of Kp is independent from sign of By. Em is responsible for stationary magnetospheric convection Em accounts for ~80% of the Kp variations h(Z +  5! &p VERSUS PARAMETER Emv (COMPONENT OF E VECTOR TRANSVERSAL TO M)BB F* Emv accounts for ~95% of the Kp variations Kp is not symmetric relative to the sign of Emv Clear increase of Kp for Emv<0 (dusk-dawn direction, Bz>0); sign of Emv is determined mainly by sign of Bz (GSE)  * !!IGEOMETRIC PARAMETER - ANGLE BETWEEN VECTORS OF GEOMAGNETIC MOMENT AND IMFJJI From Kp=15 (cosa=-1; northward direction of the IMF along M) to Kp= 40(southward); DKp~25 , 28% of the Kp changes (0-9); 45% (0-8) High correlation coefficient between data from different years There is a repetitive interaction mechanism that is controlled by purely geometric factor, angle a between the IMF and M vectors\I-O#1&_     'LKp VERSUS ANGLE BETWEEN GEOMAGNETIC MOMENT AND ELECTRIC FIELD ORIENTATIONSMMJ Figure shows the dependence Kp from angle Uem (Eq.2). for different ranges of values of electric field E from 0 to 12 mV/m. For Uem=00 (vector E is directed along projection of M on the GSE YZ plane) and Uem=1800 (vector E is directed in an opposite way) Kp has equal mean values for given range, independence Kp from sign of the Em component (Eq.2). For Uem=900 (E^M, E is directed from dusk to dawn,Bz>0) Kp reaches min For Uem=2700 (E^M, E is directed from dawn to dusk, Bz<0) Kp reaches max Kp=6020, D@=40, ~50% of variation Kp  geometric contribution for E=const hPMAL < <K OI0'$%*Kp DEPENDENCE on ANGLE Uemv$(X Dependence of Dst from angle Uemv for different ranges of E (data for period 1963-2005)YPY8 6 j Angle Uemv (Eq.3) is counted from the direction of the normal containing both V and M vectors. It should be taken into account phase shift 900 or 2700 (compared with Uemv) Uemv=00 (E has dawn-dusk direction), Dst reaches max values Uemv=1800 (E has dusk-dawn direction), Dst reaches min values Uemv=900 (E is directed along M), mean level of Dst Uemv=2700 (E is directed in opposite way to M), mean level of Dst geometric effect in Dst for E=10-12 mV/m is 130 nT, the effect is less for lower E (75% of observed variations of Dst) . Difference 25% in geometric effects in Kp and Dst is due to induction currents.PPP   2  2   >!#,:"   ),`ANNUAL VARIATION OF GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY and Emv FOR DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF THE IMF AT XY PLANEa`&-0n Annual variation of Emv (mV/m) for different directions of the IMF at the XY plane (GSE) shown by signs Bx By on8Q b Annual variation of Kp for different directions of the IMF at the XY plane (GSE) shown by Bx,By *c_,D3!NANNUAL VARIATION OF Kp AND Emv FOR DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF THE IMF AT YZ PLANEOO80g Annual variation of Kp for different directions of the IMF at the ZY plane (GSE) shown by Bz, By $h0P g8D r Annual variation of Emv (mV/m) for different directions of the IMF at the YZ plane (GSE) shown by signs Bz and By.sq8Q.&ORIGIN OF STATISTICAL ANNUAL VARIATION'' & Emv = V(MyBy + BzMz) Bz=0 (symmetry relative Bz) Emv = VMyBy My<0 for the 1-st half of year for , My>0 for the 2-nd one, consequently By<0 is geoeffective for the 1-st half of year , By>0  for the second ( Emv should be >0) By is fixed in the figure; Emv depends only from V 8 My:My is sinusoid with extrema at equinoxes Phase is determined by annual variation of the geomagnetic moment component My at the plane perpendicular to the Sun-Earth line: maximal values at equinoxes and minimal ones at solstices. Amplitude is modulated by the solar wind electric field component Ez perpendicular to the ecliptic plane. FP(P ;TF'v$ -  & 7""Annual variation of the Emv module&<Annual variation of the Emv module (mV/m) for different UT "=<&! The highest Emv values from 20 to 02 UT in the 1-st half of year with max at vernal equinox The highest Emv values from 08 to14 UT in the 2-nd half of year with max at fall equinox The lowest Emv values from 02 to 05 UT at winter solstice and 14-17 UT at summer solstice J ZVLJ&*SEMIANNUAL VARIATION OF LARGE DISTURBANCES++*0 CONCLUSIONS $  $(   % We presented results of influence of the interaction geometry on GA on basis of calculation of angles between V, IMF, E (measured near 1 a.u. for 1963-2007) and the Earth s moment M and GA indexes (Kp, Dst, An) % Equinoctial hypothesis explains less than 15% of statistical variation of Kp (influence of variations of mutual orientation V and M on Kp) % Dungey mechanism explains ~35% of variations of Kp. (influence of mutual orientation of the IMF and the M on Kp) % Geoeffective parameter Emv suggested by us taken as a whole a explains ~95% of observed variations of Kp. Variation of key angle of our reconncetion model (between E and M) explains 50% of the Kp changes % We showed that GA can reaches disturbed level (Kp=6) without any IMF Bz<0 (along vector M) by only change of value of the E component along the M (Bz>0). We detected clear rise of Kp for the IMF with Bz>0. Based on our results we suggested a new explanation of semiannual and UT variation of geomagnetic activityDPkP" " C""  "6". " $$$$ $$$$!$$D$$(b(,",0b0*0b00b0=0b00b0 0b00b0#0b00b00b00b00b00b04"488I8888V88    J '             @    *   =           L       -     2L     lH%!Sozopol, Bulgaria, 6-10 June 2011""$~ THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ! For those who is interested, I can send by email our last paper published in Advances in space Research v. 47, 978 990, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.11.022 NN5</l)/;<=>?@ A C M N  ` fff33` 3KI3ff` 33ff` /p` 3%*3|` Jy3fff3f` 3ff3̙` 33ff33` DDyq3f` ̙3n` w3ff` }ff>?" dd@,?nKd@ P nA@F`d n?" dd@   @@``PR"   @ ` `2p>> @ 8  (    6 #" ``   l* 0    6< #" `` `  l* 0  T X  "X  NXd#" `P @   6xd#" `U >   S "UY L"0   c $"YW L"0    c $"YU L"0    c $" L"0    S #" `SV >    S "Y L"0    c $ "X L"0   < #" `  `  Z"1@075F 703>;>2:0n  0 " `p  1@075F B5:AB0 B>@>9 C@>25=L "@5B89 C@>25=L '5B25@BK9 C@>25=L OBK9 C@>25=LM  6  #" `^ `  j*0  B  s *޽h ? w3ff80___PPT10. 07  8:A5;"  ((   T   "  Tߥd #"   @   c $ޥ "9)e  > b e  # "e   S å"ie  >   S d"9) >   S _"0 >    S _"?e  >    S Ծ_") >    S $ϥ"?G >    S l"oG >    S "9G >   S "iA >   S d"A? >   6h #" `` `  j*0    6D #" ``   l* 0    6 #" `` `  l* 0    0\ "P    Z"1@075F 703>;>2:0  0 " P   `(1@075F ?>4703>;>2:0B  s *޽h ? w3ff80___PPT10. 07T 0 Xd(  X X 0 P    T*  X 0!     V* d X c $ ?  ` X 0)  @  1@075F B5:AB0 B>@>9 C@>25=L "@5B89 C@>25=L '5B25@BK9 C@>25=L OBK9 C@>25=LM X 6<. `P   T*  X 61 `   V* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 80|(  | | 0k P    b*   | 0i     d*   | 6s `P   b*   | 6x `   d*  H | 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.p %0T(  T T BPS ??` yEFFECTS OF GEOMETRY OF INTERACTION BETWEEN INTERPLANETARY AND TERRESTRIAL MAGNETIC FIELDS IN GLOBAL GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY (zy$&.Z T <S ??S  hTamara Kuznetsova Magnetic space research laboratory IZMIRAN RUSSIA Sozopol, Bulgaria, 6-10 June 2011 F(#(" !(d    "   @`H T 0޽h ? ff33fy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +}  $(  r  S _ `  _ r  S _D< _ H  0޽h ? }ff___PPT10i."+D=' = @B +m   $(   r  S _  _ r  S \_`<Z  _ H  0޽h ? ff33fy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +    @ m (     0G_ `M 0MECHANISMS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT GEOMETRIC FACTORS$10 , 1   s *k_ `  Russell-McPherron mechanism, 1973 (RM). RM effect is based on the suggestion that solar magnetic fields lying in solar equator plane have maximal component of south direction in GSM near maxima of geomagnetic activity. Main parameter is Bz IMF in GSM. Theoretical basis is reconnection mechanism Dungey (1961). Main difficulties:1) inability to reproduce UT variation of GA (Russell and McPherron, 1973; Svalgaard, 1977)((<((^(( +4     :  K    *  s *T_ P P Equinoctical mehanism Bartels (1932) is based on variation of the effectiveness of the interaction depending on orientation of the Earth's magnetic dipole relative to the Sun-Earth line. Main parameter is the angle between the Earth's dipole axis and the wind velocity. Theoretical explanation lies in terms of quasi-viscous interaction and Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (Boller and Stolov). Main difficulties: the same as for RM mechanism; Cliver at al, 2000 refer 65% to an equinoctial effect."((y((h(C:T    a    5  1 H  0޽h ? ffD3fy___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +}  $$(  $r $ S  _  _ r $ S _ _ H $ 0޽h ? ff̙f___PPT10i.Le+D=' = @B + P(1(  ( ( 0 `M @ELECTRIC FIELD AS MAIN PARAMETER OF RECONNECTION IN OUR APPROACH$A@ , A  ( s *8 / /Bz in GSM is not determining parameter in reconnection models. Electric field determines reconnection rate in physical reconnection models (Vasyliunas, 1975) Electric field E is not result of reconnection process, but E is introduced as external parameter that determines in full reconnection rate independent from condition of problem (Pudovkin and Semenov, 1986; Vasyliunas, 1975). That is why orientation of the solar wind electric field vector E relative to the geomagnetic moment M vector is important geoeffective geometric parameter in our study. t/( &OY % d   A w        $ H ( 0޽h ? ffD3f`    `, (  , , 0x , !Sozopol, Bulgaria, 6-10 June 2011"" G , s *O ` P OBJECTIVES To take into account correctly geometry of reconnection of interplanetary and terrestrial magnetic fields in geoeffective parameters (changes of mutual orientation of vectors of IMF,E and M during orbital and daily motions of the Earth) to evaluate quantitatively the influence of the geometry on the geomagnetic activity Based on the results to suggest an explanation of semi-annual and UT variation of geomagnetic activity  D((g( giP8:y   v   , s *Hh   (DATA USED " Mean hourly measurements of the solar wind velocity V and IMF in GSE at the Earth orbit for the period 1964-2005 and ground-based geomagnetic activity index Kp (OMNI BASE). An, Am index for 1964 2007 !!!Kp is given in base in the form 3+=33, 6-=57, 4=40 instead of usual changes of @ in range 0-9 with step 1/3. We use here units of the omni database for Kp to present our results (    '=8+ nEt  3  M  H   H , 0޽h ? f3ϫ̙ c[p0(  0 0 0a , -INVARIANT INDEPENDENT RECONNECTION PARAMETERS.. .  0 s *8E  hWe assume that reconnection in general case of arbitrary oriented fields is determined by three parameters (Kuznetsova and Laptukhov, 2002) Bm = (B,M)=BxMx+ByMy+BzMz=BM cosa, (1) Bm is a component of the IMF B directed along the dipole magnetic moment vector M, a is an angle between the vectors of M and B; B is module of B. Here and below M=1 for simplicity. Em = (E,M) = V(MzBy - MyBz)= E[(My)2+(Mz)2]1/2 cos(Uem), (2) Em is a component of the solar wind electric field E along the geomagnetic moment vector M.V is directed along X (GSE), see (2a); Ume is angle between vectors E and M Emv= (E,[M,V])/(MV)=V(MyBy + BzMz)=E[(My)2+(Mz)2]1/2 cos(Uemv)(3) E=[B,V] is vector of the electric field of the solar wind, V is vector of velocity of the solar wind and V=V is its value, Emv is a parameter that is proportional to a component of the solar wind electric field E^ along the [M,V] vector. Angle Uemv is counted from normal to the plane containing M and V. cosa, Uem, Uemv can be calculated from measurements.N   :" (2$&&&&&.&.&. &3 ' &  5/h D2^l                           "            v  9      & H 0 0޽h ? ffD3f  ^V (  x  c $GwD   x  c $\H/p `  z   I0e0eA #" 0e T <4___PPT9 J  "  4   # A " <H  0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.Ns  ((  (r ( S ȽIz   r ( S ]p    ( BA  eS  H ( 0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.`   0(  0r 0 S `   x 0 c $xp `   z 0   0e0eA #" 0eT <4___PPT9 J  "  H 0 0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.0m8   (  r  S [D`   r  S \m i  z   tˤ0e0eA #" 0e0 T <4___PPT9 J  "  H  0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.   \TI(  Hx H c $ `<    H c $# r  &x h_78GF L H L<B H # 7ij <B H # 7L i <B H # 7L i <B H # 7LW iX <B  H # 7Li<B  H # 7Li<B  H # 7i  <B  H # 7i j<B  H # 7 <B H # 7: ;<B H # 7 <B H # 7  <B H # 7s t<B H # 7 <B H # 7E F<B H # 7 <B H # 7 <B H # 7 <B H # 7 BB H 3 7i  BB H 3 7 : BB H 3 7:  BB H 3 7  BB H 3 7  s BB H 3 7s  BB H 3 7o E BB H 3 7E o BB  H 3 7  BB !H 3 7  BB "H 3 7 Z BB #H 3 7i < BB $H 3 7< :t BB %H 3 7:t  BB &H 3 7  BB 'H 3 7 O s BB (H 3 7s O BB )H 3 7# E BB *H 3 7Eu # BB +H 3 7 u BB ,H 3 7 \ BB -H 3 7\  BB .H 3 7i c BB /H 3 7c : BB 0H 3 7:  BB 1H 3 7  BB 2H 3 7 c s BB 3H 3 7s c BB 4H 3 7E BB 5H 3 7EBB 6H 3 7BB 7H 3 7BB 8H 3 7BB 9H 3 7io BB :H 3 7o : BB ;H 3 7: ; BB H 3 7s BB ?H 3 7EBB @H 3 7EBB AH 3 7BB BH 3 7BB CH 3 7BB DH 3 7i BB EH 3 7: BB FH 3 7:7  BB GH 3 77 Z BB HH 3 7 sZ BB IH 3 7s BB JH 3 74E BB KH 3 7E4BB LH 3 7BB MH 3 7BB NH 3 7BB OH 3 7i,vBB PH 3 7v: BB QH 3 7: j BB RH 3 74 j BB SH 3 7 s4 BB TH 3 7sBB UH 3 7EBB VH 3 7EBB WH 3 7BB XH 3 7BB YH 3 7BB ZH 3 oi<  BB [H 3 o : BB \H 3 o:  BB ]H 3 o  BB ^H 3 o  s BB _H 3 osR  BB `H 3 o ER BB aH 3 oEn  BB bH 3 o> n BB cH 3 o> C BB dH 3 oC   eH  B.CpDEF7.8p8 @`R   fH  B/CpDEF7/8p8 @` 8  gH  B.CpDEF7.8p8 @`# Q@  hH  B/CqDEF7/8q8 @` 3  iH  B.CpDEF7.8p8 @` "=  jH  B/CpDEF7/8p8 @`\ H  kH  B.CpDEF7.8p8 @`   lH  B/CpDEF7/8p8 @`.7 ]  mH  B.CqDEF7.9q9 @` W  nH  B/CqDEF7/9q9 @` ./  oH  B.CqDEF7.8q8 @`h :  pH  B/CqDEF7/9q9 @`!  Z qH s *7R  Z rH s *7 t Z sH s *7#< Q Z tH s *7G  Z uH s *7L " Z vH s *7\  Z wH s *7  Z xH s *7. ][ Z yH s *7<  Z zH s *7.T Z {H s *7h$  Z |H s *7 3  }H  B.CpDEF7.pp @`R}   ~H  B/CpDEF7/pp @`+   H  B.CpDEF7.pp @`#y Q  H  B/CqDEF7/qq @`h   H  B.CpDEF7.pp @`~ "  H  B/CpDEF7/pp @`\+   H  B.CpDEF7.pp @`r   H  B/CqDEF7/qq @`.]  H  B.CpDEF7.pp @`8 H  B/CqDEF7/qq @`O. H  B.CqDEF7.qq @`h6 H  B/CpDEF7/pp @` < H # M* BB H 3 7RiBB H 3 7i BB HB 3 7Ri BB H 3 7i< H # ,  BB H 3 77 o BB H 3 7o  BB HB 3 7o  BB H 3 77 o < H #  XK BB H 3 7# : BB H 3 7: Q; BB HB 3 7# :; BB H 3 7: Q < H #   BB H 3 7 ; BB H 3 7; s BB HB 3 7; s BB H 3 7 ; < H #  )@ BB H 3 7  BB H 3 7  "0 BB HB 3 7 0 BB H 3 7  " < H # X > BB H 3 7\ s BB H 3 7s . BB HB 3 7\ s. BB H 3 7s  < H # / BB H 3 7BB H 3 7 BB HB 3 7 BB H 3 7< H # *dBB H 3 7.EBB H 3 7E] BB HB 3 7.E BB H 3 7E]< H # 7BB H 3 7BB H 3 7'BB HB 3 7'BB H 3 7< H # i4BB H 3 7sBB H 3 7.BB HB 3 7BB H 3 7s.< H # cbBB H 3 7hBB H 3 7RBB HB 3 7hRBB H 3 7< H # BB H 3 7BB H 3 7 BB HB 3 7 BB H 3 7< H # MSBB H 3 7Ri BB H 3 7i CBB HB 3 7R iCBB H 3 7i BB H 3 7ij BB H 3 7i jC< H # v :B H 3 7:B H 3 7:B H@ 3 7:B H 3 7:B H 3 7:B H 3 74 H #  X0 :B H 3 7 #: :B H 3 7 :Q :B H@ 3 7 #: :B H 3 7 :Q :B H 3 7 :; :B H 3 7 :; 4 H #  :B H 3 77 :B H 3 77 o :B H@ 3 77 o :B H 3 77 :B H 3 77 :B H 3 77 o 4 H #  ) :B H 3 7"  Z :B H 3 7Z " :B H@ 3 7Z   :B H 3 7" "Z :B H 3 7"  Z :B H 3 7Z   4 H # X< :B H 3 7\s:B H 3 7s, :B H@ 3 7\s, :B H 3 7s:B H 3 7st:B H 3 7st, 4 H # V:B H 3 7 :B H 3 7 F:B H@ 3 7 F:B H 3 7 :B H 3 7 :B H 3 7 F4 H # *d}:B H 3 7.E4:B H 3 74E]m:B H@ 3 74.Em:B H 3 7E]4:B H 3 7EF4:B H 3 74EFm4 H # K:B H 3 7:B H 3 7;:B I@ 3 7;:B I 3 7:B I 3 7:B I 3 7;4 I # Z4:B I 3 7e:B I 3 7.:B I@ 3 7:B I 3 7e.:B  I 3 7e:B  I 3 74  I # c[:B  I 3 7h:B  I 3 7K:B I@ 3 7hK:B I 3 7:B I 3 7:B I 3 7K4 I # O:B I 3 7Z:B I 3 7:B I@ 3 7:B I 3 7Z:B I 3 7Z:B I 3 7R2 I s *7ReR2 I s *7>R2 I s *7#QR R2 I s *72  R2 I s *7"m R2 I s *7N\R2 I s *7YR2  I s *7S.]R2 !I s *7zR2 "I s *7.MR2 #I s *7hR2 $I s *744 %I #  : :B &I 3 7 ij< :B 'I 3 7< ij :B (I@ 3 7< ?i= :B )I 3 7< i= 4 *I # 1  :B +I 3 7<  :B ,I 3 7  :B -I@ 3 7  :B .I 3 7  4 /I # R k8 :B 0I 3 7\ :; :B 1I 3 7 :;( :B 2I@ 3 7 : :B 3I 3 7 :d 4 4I # O t5 :B 5I 3 7Z  :B 6I 3 7 % :B 7I@ 3 7 x :B 8I 3 7  4 9I # T <; :B :I 3 7_   :B ;I 3 7  + :B I # < E# :B ?I 3 7G st :B @I 3 7 st :B AI@ 3 7 Is :B BI 3 7 s 4 CI #   :B DI 3 7 R :B EI 3 7R  :B FI@ 3 7R S :B GI 3 7R S 4 HI # f vL :B II 3 7q EF :B JI 3 7 EF< :B KI@ 3 7 E :B LI 3 7 Ep 4 MI #   :B NI 3 7 n :B OI 3 7n  :B PI@ 3 7n o :B QI 3 7n o 4 RI #  G :B SI 3 7 > :B TI 3 7>  :B UI@ 3 7> ? :B VI 3 7> A? 4 WI #  P :B XI 3 7 C :B YI 3 7C  :B ZI@ 3 7C UD :B [I 3 7C D 4 \I # F , :B ]I 3 7P  :B ^I 3 7  :B _I@ 3 7  :B `I 3 7   aI 68O H U0$  bI 6Ԅ m  V20$  cI 6m  V40$  dI 6mQ V60$  eI 6Qm V80$  fI 6O[ U0$  gI 6Ԝo![ V90$  hI 6p[ W180$  iI 6[ W270$  jI 0 @  w Uem, degree& " kI 0t q@ dKp$: lI 3 7 @ :B mI 3 7l%  nI  B.CqDEF7.8q8 @`n oI 6\A7  W0_2$ :B pI 3 7l% R qI s *7 rI 6`7  W2_4$ :B sI 3 7l%  tI  B.CpDEF7.pp @` uI 6ؾ~7  W4_6$ :B vI 3 7l% 4 wI # K:B xI 3 7:B yI 3 7;:B zI@ 3 7;:B {I 3 7 |I 6(7 # W6_8$ :B }I 3 7" l% # 4 ~I # j :B I 3 7" :B I 3 7" Z :B I@ 3 7" Z :B I 3 7" :B I 3 7" :B I 3 7" Z  I 6P7 / B  X8_10$ :B I 3 7@ l% A R2 I s *7 y  I 6T 7 m a  Y10_12$ :B I 3 oJ l% K 4 I #   :B I 3 7 J :B I 3 7J  :B I@ 3 7J K :B I 3 7J K  I 6 7 /   X0_12$ H H 0޽h ? ̙33   tl P(  Pr P S j    P H ?q   r P S l <  4  P # A7YH P 0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.E[ ld < (  <~ < 0 < > INFLUENCE OF COSa, COSb ON Kp z ((& >  < s *(. q<  cosa 0cos0.573 Kp(cosa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 -0.9 18.77 18.36 18.01 18.16 18.72 18.02 18.33 -0.7 18.76 18.33 17.75 18.34 18.17 18.66 18.29 -0.5 19.47 19.16 19.22 19.28 19.43 20.03 19.39 -0.3 20.72 20.4 20.08 20.41 20.72 21.3 20.53 -0.1 22.63 22.02 21.78 22.31 22.13 21.99 22.13 0.1 25.02 24.32 23.13 23.37 23.05 22.77 23.68 0.3 28.15 26.89 25.33 24.94 24.01 23.01 25.63 0.5 30.99 29.84 28.62 27.37 25.78 24.4 28.14 0.7 34.42 33.37 31.47 30.01 28.69 26.74 31.21 0.9 37.87 36.66 35.74 34.35 33.09 30.91 35.17 Kp(cos)25.15 24.32 23.47 23.39 22.91 22.46 cosb= (V, M)/VM = Mx/M, where |M |=1 Comparison of the effects of the cosb-cosa, cosb-Em, and cosb-Emv pairs on Kp indicates that cosb (popular for now), Em, and Emv are responsible: cos (V and M) for less than 15%, cos (B and M) for 35%, Uem (E and M) 50% On the whole, Em~80%, and Emv ~95% of the observed Kp variations.z  e   B %   " "$ #""!  ($"$B(($4  H < 0޽h ? ffD3f   ~d(  dr d S `CIM   r d S D  <  r d S 0p   4 d # A D 4 d # A H d 0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.KNb0   f^p(  r  S D%qM   r  S ,D   r  S pp   x   <A ? m i ^  6j  S A ??"?"'0  H  0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.^C1*  0tj(  tx t c $`p    t c $p   &x h_7 t  ؚ0e0eA '    @PH t 0޽h ? ̙33$   $(  r  S Dw<   x  c $  p  r  S ASC  x  <A ??'  H  0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.bH2x   ld>, (  ,x , c $ID       ;, #"Kw     , <?    Annual distribution of counts with values with aa>100 nT N, m is number of 14-day interval for year, 1868-2004. The semiannual distribution of great GA (Kp>8) is remarkably pronounced ! One is not random!!!:p ^^/- ,3 @` , <0?   T @``B  , 0o ?  `B  , 0o ?  `B  , 0o ?   `B , 0o ?  `B 9, 0o ?  `B :, 0o ?   p `u >, #"8p `u  , <?p `u cAnnual distribution of counts with values Kp=8-9 N, m is number of 14-day interval for year, 1932-2004. Peaks: 4 April (m=7), 28 September (m=19), 24 July (m=14-15), (m=23-24) - 18 November.0iR:*1 Y @` , <8?p `  T @``B , 0o ?p ``B , 0o ?p u`u`B , 0o ?p p `B , 0o ?`` `B <, 0o ?p p u`B =, 0o ?` `u^ #, 600j ", S A  %??"?T  %^ ', 6j &, S A '??"?m Y  'H , 0޽h ? }ff80___PPT10.G$  P|$(  |r | S    r | S Dq<i  H | 0޽h ? ff̙f80___PPT10.QD'$  $$(  $r $ S   `   r $ S  `i  H $ 0޽h ? }ff80___PPT10.RWH 0 @`(  `X ` C X    ` S tCX @   LABC?;5=85 : =0G0;C A;0940: Because axial mechanism has no UT variation(we want to explain the variation in our model!), we did not include it into our consideration.2$ \H ` 0޽h ? ̙33  0 L](  L^ L S X    L c $MX @   SgMaximal deviations of Kp from this mean level for a given range of E are larger for larger values of E. H L 0޽h ? ̙33 0 @x,(  x^ x S X    x c $TXX @   "H x 0޽h ? ̙33# 0 .&(  X  C X   &  S XmX @    5@5E>4 : A;54CNI5<C A;094C A;>20<8: Explanation of well-known semiannual and UT variations of geomagnetic activity is a good test for any model of the solar wind magnetosphere interaction taking into account geometry of interaction.#        H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.~  0 (  X  C X     S X @   "1JOA=5=85 : C@02=5=8N (1): where expression in parenthesis is a scalar product of vectors B and M; Bx, By, Bz and Mx, My, Mz are, respectively, the components of vectors B and M in a particular coordinate System. By in GSM is simply compliment to a right coordinate system        H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.%}x 0 (  X  C X     S hX @   ,Concerning data used:Kp in unuts of omni.datBH  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.@ 0 P(  X  C X     S 8X @   R( :>=F5 A;0940: the geometric parts cos a, cos(Uem), cos(Uemv) of the effective parameters are written as multipliers. Such writing allows the calculation of the angles of a, Uem, Uemv from the above-mentioned measurements to study their influence on global geomagnetic state.        H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.2 0 (  X  C X     S X @   VFig. 1 shows the dependence Kp = F1(Em) together with the standard deviations from the mean curve. Kp is seen to be symmetric relative to the sign of Em. Nishida (1971) was the first to predict that the presence of an IMF By component, irrespective of the sign of By, must lead to magnetospheric plasma convection that is similar to the steady-state magnetospheric convection and that is possibly its cause. We associate the Em component in Fig. 1 with the electric field of the steady magnetospheric convection. In Fig. 2 Kp is not symmetric relative to the sign of this component. When Emv > 0 (dawn dusk direction), Kp is considerably larger than that for Emv < 0 at the same Emv.$                 H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. C  0 x (  X  C X   x  S  X @   R>OA=5=85:Kp is plotted against cos a in various ranges of its variations for three groups of years from the years being analyzed.there is a repetitive (from year to year) interaction mechanism that is controlled by a purely geometric factor, the angle a between the IMF vector B and the vector M.       H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.[$ 0 G?0(  X  C X   ?  S TX @   It makes no difference from what direction to count angle between the vectors of E and M: from the vector M (angle Uem) or from the vector n (angle Uemv). However, it should be taken into account phase shift equaled to 90 or 270.  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.Z}5Z ! 0   @j (  X  C X      S ;X @   l 4annual variation of Kp is determined by the By component (but not Bz). both My and VBy are responsible for appearance of the Emv effective component annual variation of My at the yz plane makes extrema of My at equinoxes that produces maxima of the dawn dusk component Emv at the yz plane at spring equinox for toward polarity (By < 0, Bx > 0) and at fall equinox for away polarity (By > 0, Bx < 0) of the IMF.           H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.٫& 0 vnP<(  <X < C X   n < S @X @   The semiannual variation of great disturbance is remarkably pronounced. This implies that the semiannual variation for large disturbances is not random storm occurrence but primarily the effect of storm themselves. 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GYn3m4fWh[xwltjItMet"rF'ԑ8/.lr(I;"'Y6[; H B#pN!{ٻZw\n5]YNwHFt ccꗰ G%KQ\=ɩ;L|\q}?SOM)#,WBd,>'----$>>,\,\>----$\\,n,n\----$nn,,n----$,,----$,,----$,,---'--$,,;;,--'--$;;KK;--'--$;;KK;--'--$------'w--$--'--$,,,;,;,--'--$,;-;-,,--'@Times New Roman-. *2 UEFFECTS OF GEOMETRY OF ! $ $$,!$ $ ."System-@Times New Roman-. %2 INTERACTION BETWEEN $!#!$$ !.$ .-@Times New Roman-. 62 -INTERPLANETARY AND TERRESTRIAL $!#$#!$#$$ !!!#.-@Times New Roman-. 2 MAGNETIC FIELDS -#$$! $ .-@Times New Roman-.  2 TIN$.-@Times New Roman-. 2 GLOBAL $$!#.-@Times New Roman-. %2 EGEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY$$,#%$! #!$$.-@Times New Roman-. 2 UTamara  .-@Times New Roman-. 2  Kuznetsova .-@Times New Roman-. :2 "Magnetic space research laboratory         .-@Times New Roman-. 2 JIZMIRAN  .-@Times New Roman-. 2 RUSSIA.-@Times New Roman-. 2 eSozopol .. 2 dSozopol .-@Times New Roman-. 2  , Bulgaria, 6D   .. 2  , Bulgaria, 6D   .-@Times New Roman-.  2 8-..  2 7-.-@Times New Roman-. 2 @ 10 June 2011    .. 2 ? 10 June 2011    .-՜.+,0    GOn-screen ShowHomeree : Times New RomanArial Wingdings Arial BlackSymbolSimSun Microsoft Word Microsoft GraphSlide 1 PROLOGUE Slide 4MCRITICS OF Bz COMPONENT (GSM COORDINATE SYSTEM) AS A GEOEFFECTIVE PARAMETERSlide 6Slide 7Slide 8'RESULTS: INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS ON KpGDEPENDENCE p FROM PARAMETER Em (COMPONENT OF E VECTOR ALONG M VECTOR)Bp VERSUS PARAMETER Emv (COMPONENT OF E VECTOR TRANSVERSAL TO M)JGEOMETRIC PARAMETER - ANGLE BETWEEN VECTORS OF GEOMAGNETIC MOMENT AND IMFMKp VERSUS ANGLE BETWEEN GEOMAGNETIC MOMENT AND ELECTRIC FIELD ORIENTATIONSKp DEPENDENCE on ANGLE Uemv Slide 15aANNUAL VARIATION OF GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY and Emv FOR DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF THE IMF AT XY PLANEOANNUAL VARIATION OF Kp AND Emv FOR DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS OF THE IMF AT YZ PLANE'ORIGIN OF STATISTICAL ANNUAL VARIATION#Annual variation of the Emv module+SEMIANNUAL VARIATION OF LARGE DISTURBANCES CONCLUSIONS "Sozopol, Bulgaria, 6-10 June 2011  Fonts UsedDesign TemplateEmbedded OLE Servers Slide Titles#_` Mitko DanovMitko Danov  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefgijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures.Current UserSummaryInformation(1PowerPoint Document(hDocumentSummaryInformation8